From washington's farewell address warning against getting involved in Essay

From washingtons farewell address exemplar against getting involved in foreign entanglements to the Monroe teaching to Theod - Essay ExampleThey were not the only presidents to do this. In later times, at least three Cold War era presidents also followed this course, including rag S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy. Nor did it end with the conclusion of the Cold War. Barack Obama himself has embraced this policy of implied force as a central stand of his policy. As will be seen, this overriding theme of implied force is the definitive common denominator of all presidential decision-making in foreign policy. Five sources were consulted in the preparation of this paper, and all proved invaluable in the instruction of ones understanding of this topic. Harry Ammon provided a critical background for the analysis of James Monroes famous doctrine of 1823 as a major departure point for American external policies. Harlow Giles Unger took a somewhat dissenting view from the conventional view that the Europeans had a distinct advantage over the starter motor American republic, and notes that the Americans were stronger at that time than usually given credit for, a surprising position hence Former senator Cary Hart of Colorado has the remarkable insiders perspective as a practicing politician in the halls of office for many years. Although a seasoned practitioner, Hart is no intellectual lightweight. He holds a doctors degree and has lectured at Yale, Oxford and other hallowed institutions. Aida Donald offers keen insights into the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, and helps to elevate Roosevelt in historical stature. Louis Auchincloss, an authoritative Roosevelt biographer, establishes the basic wind up of continuity between Monroe and Roosevelt, the two presidents emphasized here. James Monroe seemed marked out by destiny to be a diplomat. A protege of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, fellow Virginians and his immediate forerunner s as presidents, Monroe apprenticed himself as a minister to foreign powers. What bothered him from an early date, however, was the complete lack of respect he encountered toward American diplomats and his honey country. He felt that America should be taken more seriously as an emerging power in its own right, and he was determined to gain that respect. When he became president, Monroe continued to be influenced by Jefferson and Madison. Britain, Spain and Russia proved particularly worrisome to him. Jefferson had cautioned him against entanglements with European powersechoing Washingtonbut Monroe had some ideas of his own about diplomacy. Apparently, as early as March 1822, Monroe was disturbed by European expansion into Latin America (Ammon 476-481). He was already toying with the notion of an American system by that date, so it was not surprising that he went before Congress in December 1823 with the address that would come to be known as the Monroe Doctrine, but only after 1850 . This policy, now so familiar to posterity, was only part of Monroes unique position in American history. He may be credited with being Americas first national security president (Hart 114). He had already fortified Americas blue border with Canada and taken other measures deemed appropriate for security purposes, so it was but a small parachute for him to

Emily Dickinson's In A Library Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emily Dickinsons In A library - move ExampleAmherst Academy as a young girl where she learned the subjects of her time which included everything from clean literature and geology to religion and biology. She went on to study at Mary Lyons Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, but odd less than a year later. She never traveled far from her home at Amherst, and was never married. scorn not being given much to cultivating human society, she certainly valued her friends, Susan Gilbert being sensation of her constant friends, who later became her sister-in-law. She maintained long correspondences with valued friends such as Thomas Wentworth Higginson who was possibly excessively her sole critic, and maybe even one of her romantic attachments. She wrote prolifically till her death in 1886. She died at the eld of 56 of Brights disease, and was buried in white at Amherst, in keeping with her rigorously white dress through most of her later life.One of the strongest aspects of Dickinsons poe try is its capacity for layered meanings, and In a Library is no exception. For Dickinson, a written word was open to many interpretations, and the reader was very much a part of the poetic process A word is dead, when it is said /Some take - /I say it just begins to live/ That day(L 374 P 1212). She accepted that her words could, and oftentimes did take different and often unintended meanings in a readers mind. On the surface, In a Library is a poem roughly delving into the past with a book, to take pleasure in a flight of fancy by witnessing record as recorded on its pages, by taking part in myth, by understanding the perspectives and opinions that conscious scholastic work during a time long gone past.On another level, the poem git also be seen as an association with a dear old fatherly acquaintance, here personified in a book. The experience of reading a really old book, its aged textures and its nostalgic fragrance is almost like meeting up with an elderly, knowledgeable father figure, and Dickinson plays on this dual

Community Participation in Building the Science Curriculum for Thesis Proposal

exclusively(a)iance Participation in Building the Science Curriculum for Intermediate School - Thesis Proposal deterrent exampleThis essay stresses that intermediate level, also called the middle school level, is where pupils are taught more on what they learnt while in the lower school level. Here, both the teachers and the students communally work together so that the goals and objectives of the level are achieved easily, with all students satisfactorily attaining their desired grades, teachers feeling the positive impact of their contribution. This paper makes a conclusion that different teachers film different units in this level therefore, the students get the opportunity to be exposed different learning and dogma strategies since each teacher has their own way of doing things. Students are expected to attain higher grades in all subjects mathematics, languages, social studies, arts, and sciences. Physical education is essential where students are expected to improve their on their flexibility, learn how to incorporate body parts with some activities and the necessity of such activities to the body organs like the heart and lungs as well as its positive impact in reducing the chances of some health implications. Much of these personal activities are related to science courses where students put into practice their theory knowledge. Participation in individual and crowd projects, active involvement in science clubs and science congress as well as tour science related stations and demonstration fields are some of the main activities teachers expose their students to at this level.

A Critique on Project Stage-Gating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Critique on Project Stage-Gating - Essay ExampleThe article potently suggested that befuddle stage-gating which continuously evaluates the viability, usefulness, and gains from a project through different development and implementation stages is required to expeditiously stop a project which should not continue. Vanderslius also put forward useful guidelines which should not be overlooked in a stage-gating project such as clear definitions of phases, documented set of deliverables, provide staffed with an odd numbered committee rather than an individual, and setting out of bounds.My choice of this article is simple enough. The project stage-gating article must be read because I believe that the article is very useful in the decision-making process handled by every project manager. Project stage-gating is interesting as it tackles some issues which are often taken for granted when starting an innovative project.Over the past years, a large number of IT projects initialized had failed. Somebody can well(p) imagine the total amount of time, labor, materials, and expenditures wasted for all these projects. I believe that Vanderslius main point in endorsing stage-gating is to save on resources which can be channeled to other more profitable ventures. I agree with him that project stage-gating can be an option in order to allocate company resources more efficiently. The gates needed to be passed by any project serves as a screening procedure that eliminates less operable and unprofitable projects.

Does The World We Have Offer Practical Ways to Protect the Earths Essay

Does The World We Have Offer Practical ways to Protect the Earths Environment - Essay ExampleAs a means of integrating understanding of this reality, as well as seeking to provide a handful of prescriptions for how this waste do-nothing be lessened, the next outline will integrate with the issue itself, the global trends that are implemented within the current world, and a review of several key recycling programs that can be utilized not only as a means of reducing the solid waste that builds up throughout the nations landfills tho also providing monetary incentives that are cost positive for inducing recycling. By such an analysis, the reader can come to the understanding of the profound importance that this has and the relevance to the fate of the environment.Even a cursory analysis of the issue promotes the understanding that the nature of the current world has created a situation through which the overall aim of trade in the overall level of domestic and international shipp ing between great partners and item-by-item consumers is unlikely to decrease anywhere in the near afterlife. Conversely, it is reasonable to expect that within the near future trade and international shipping will only increase. As a result of this reality, it is neither realistic, nor bankable to the economy or the individual consumer, to regularize a level of restrictions upon the overall volume of trade it takes place from one part of the world/one part of the country to another. However, with this being said, placing certain restrictions upon the way in which packing material is represented throughout the market is a reasonable and viable approach. For instance, in the arrive to reduce the amount of landfill mass that shipping packaging generates, one effective approach that could be sedulous would be to require any and all shipping operations that integrate with the economy of the world to train levels of standardization with regards to the type and content shipping con tainers/packaging that are utilized

Land Law UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Land Law UK - Assignment ExampleThis will ensure that there will be no party in the agreement that goes to a loss.Under the law, the blaspheme as the owee would dress the following remedies against the borrowers here referred to as the mortgager. The mortgager while going through with their repayments for the property owns title oer the property, but the mortgagee is entitled to the following rights relating to the title of the mortgager. One of such is the right to make double-dyed(a) the title where in case the mortgagee is the second mortgagee after the jump one, he buys the first mortgagee and hence becomes the first. Secondly, the mortgager has the right to improve the property as a representation for the surety for the loan but such expenditure are required to be reasonable compared with the amount borrowed so that repayment is not hampered (Stroud, 2013).In addition, it is normally the tell of the day that the mortgager receives back the substance of the mortgage upon r edemption of the mortgage. Therefore, if the mortgagee makes more expenditure than is reasonable then the mortgagee is not entitle to involve reimbursements for the money spent. This is as in the case of South well v Roberts (1940) 63 CLR 581. In the takings that the mortgager does not meet the obligation to repay as in our case then the bank has two major remedies. First, this is the right of the bank to exercise the power of sale as stipulated in the mortgage document as well as the statutes. Secondly, the mortgagee has the remedy of foreclosure as stated in fraction 100 of the Conveyancing Act. Under the old system, foreclosure can only be effected by motor inn order while foreclosure under the Torrens system, it is required that an application is made to the registrar general to make an order of foreclosure under section 61 of the law.In the event of mortgage defaulting all mortgages, have the power

The Jungle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The jungle - Essay ExampleA novel that would involve the real aspects of the m tucker out packing yards in dinero and the resulting ramifications for those involved. A novel that would not only seek to inform but ideally, educate in the comparable breath and influence the thoughts of those reading the material for themselves. In essence, the book itself would energise an impact upon the issue that it was nerve-racking to address. In the quest for change to occur, it remains up to anyone concerned, however many an(prenominal) that may be, to take the firstborn step toward the implementation of a plan that would lead to the positive change desired.Going to the highest levels of the political echelon, The jungle would ultimately motivate then President Theodore Roosevelt, to move forward with a closer examination of the insalubrious conditions within the industry that Sinclair mentions in his book. One of the most personal choices an individualist may make would be the food the y chose to eat each evening. The message within The Jungle, would ultimately resonate with readers in that, with the appalling conditions being present that ultimately, would place into question the reliability of the very beef that so many eat frequently. Often times, political activists are those who seek to argue issues that are of present concern, with potential implications for the future.The characters mentioned within the pages of Sinclairs work, would take on the appearance of average, everyday workers and families, seeking to make a living and support their families. How those who worked for many years in the stock yards, would take a different view to the work, in comparison to those that would have only been a part of the job for a shorter period of time. The sense of feeling as if the individual person would be invincible of discontent as a result of the work being performed, in the mind of those who would be new to the

Gentiva Health Services Financial Analysis Report Term Paper

Gentiva Health Services Financial Analysis give out - Term Paper ExampleThe paper is divided into the following sections background information, tax revenue epitome, financial analysis and management. Finally, the last section gives a conclusion based on the authors point of side on the soundness of the companys activities. Outline Outline 3 Background entropy 4 Operating Revenue 5 Financial Management 7 Sources of capital 8 Capital expending Management 9 Financial management analysis 9 Conclusion 11 Background Information Gentiva health services provider is one of the largest health care and hospice providers in the majority of the states in America. In 1971, Gentiva launched its home healthcare business and under the umbrella of Olsten Corporation, a split took place in shew 2000 separating Olsten and Gentiva Health services, which is now one of the largest health service providers in the nation and ranked among the ten largest by and by acquiring The Health field Group, I nc., in 2006. Gentiva Health Services provides hospice services throughout 420 locations and at least forty-one states. These services include skilled nursing, hospice services, nutrition, social work, and disease management education. The company also takes naval division in assisting needy people in their daily living activities. The proposed introduction of the health services illuminate that requires health service providers to cut down service charges has tremendously affected the organizations business. In response to the proposed regulation, the organization sold thirty-four of its branches in 2011 and has sold another bunch of ten branches in 2012. As a result of these sales, there are short lived and long-term effects on the expenditures and revenues earn by the company (financial performance). The effects of the recent acquisitions and dispositions on short term securities are evident on the balance sheet totals. These dispositions have reduced the short term securities owned by the company. Part of the accrued benefits from the sale of its branches has been directed to make strategic acquisitions in pursuant of increased fixed assets portfolio. Following the colonization of some branches, there is a decrease in accounts receivables as a result of reduction in numbers of customers served by the closed branches. Newly acquired branches may take time before they build a substantial number of customers. Gentiva company endeavors to venture into new trade niches, this implies an increase in the inventory of the company. boilersuit cost of running the company may immensely reduce as a result of the reduction in the workload out-of-pocket to closure of some branches. Closed branches will reduce accrued revenue and expenses for the company. New business ventures require new employees initially this may raise the running expenses especially due to training costs. With the expansion, the company will reduce operational costs and expenses and claim a hi gh market niche. To retain its relevance in the presence of the reduced health service charges as indicated by the health reform, each service provider must engage extra efforts else, most of the service providers may run a risk it difficult to cope with the incorporation of the new law. This paper gives an analysis of the activities of Gentiva Health services in relation back to revenue management, financial analysis and financial management with an aim to evaluate the soundness of the organization

Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Human resources - act ExampleIt is important to understand that the employees are the party that is most affected by a death penalty management agreement. Their salaries and promotions are decided through the motion management system. And also their benefits are cuts through the equivalent system. This is why for implementing any successful performance management system it is essential to take all employees on board. Without the greater back of employee no performance management system cease work successfully in any firm.It is as important to listen to the employees as it is to talk to the employees. Human resource has to be guardedly nurtured and therefore it is essential to pay heed to their opinions and reservation. Many companies never listen to their employees and therefore are not able to successfully benefit from performance management process. The case illustrates that through listening to employees and taking into depend their reservation greater support for perform ance management system can be developed. Focus groups, discussions, and interviews of employees and managers can help create greater support for a performance management system. When designing a performance management plan it is important to customize it according to the needs and opinions of employees and this can only be through with(p) when feedback is taken from employees and they are given a chance to raise their reservations.When employee feedback is taken and performance management system is designed according to the feedback, employees feel empowered. They feel that they have themselves made the system and it was not forced upon them. This is how support for performance management system can be garnered through employee participation. Letting the employees decide as to how they need to be evaluated is a very good way to generate support for performance management system.It is eternally good to have an outside consultant in order to shape a

Taran Swan At Nickelodeon Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Taran retch At Nickelodeon Latin the States - Essay ExampleThe essay Taran Swan At Nickelodeon Latin the States discusses the mass media, and television and its great impact on the emergence of children. Twelve years ago, Taran Swan explored the possible opportunities for penetration into Latin America media market. She found that the market did not look promising, because Latin America was a volatile market, subject to frequent currency fluctuations and devaluations, and the cable perseverance infrastructure was in its infancy. She saw no opportunities to develop Nickelodeon in Latin America save for four months experience in Germany where she worked around the clock being involved in only aspects of TV programming decisions. She understood that in international markets, even key decisions had to be made with negligible information.Taran Swan understood that children who watch television are not only entertained but assume, consciously or unconsciously, they are learning more about the world they live in, who they are in that world and how they should behave. She has everything ideas, enthusiasm, desire, hope to modify and reconstruct the channel, but for money. Taran Swan had found that for kids in Latin America in that respect was nothing on TV except for the same old cartoons. Because it was largely a poorer, development region, people thought they could put anything on the air, and they did. Nickelodeon was good for kids, gender-neutral, pro-social, and gave kids a voice. Worldwide there are not enough local, relevant programs that affirm the identity of children.

Why are UFOs still Mystery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why are UFOs still Mystery - try out ExampleWhen people see lights moving in a way that suggests something other than an airplane, the intriguing tantrum that something extraterrestrial is up there moves us to create in our minds the possibility of space ships and alien beings. Of crease not all strange lights in the sky can be attributed to space ships. Weather balloons and aircraft fix been mistaken for UFOs. An unidentified immobile object was spotted in Barron County about a month ago. unless was it something extra-terrestrial or can a weather tool give us the answer? Scott Doering, a meteorologist with the home(a) Weather Service says its possible the UFO could have been a weather balloon.1 Poor reporting, organisation cover-ups, conspiracies and faulty eye witness accounts are besides fuel for the fire surrounding UFOs and television and charter have increased our speculation and fascination about UFOs. It may also simply be that transitory saucers dont exist, being figments of our imagination or they could be stories created to obscure real life army secrets. Inconsistent records from eye witnesses could account for one reason why people do not regard in UFOs. When an object is seen by several people travelling at high speed, its probable that there will be different interpretations of the tear downt. Another theory that discredits the existence of UFOs is a regime cover-up. perhaps we have been visited by aliens and the government, fearful about public reaction, obfuscates the truth. Yet another theory is that the military is in fact using UFO stories to hide new technologies and highly classified secret aircraft. Area 51, also known as Groom Lake, is a secret military facility about 90 miles spousal relationship of Las Vegas. The number refers to a 6-by-10-mile block of land, at the center of which is a large air base the government will not discuss2 There is undoubtedly life in other part of the galaxy and the Universe. We would be arrogant to assume that one tiny planet in the vast engagement of stars could be the only one to contain life. The question is whether or not other beings have the cleverness to travel here. Given the distance between stars and the amount of time it would take to travel between them, even at the speed of light, it would seem unlikely that voyage would be possible. Chemical-based rockets get terrible fuel efficiency, achieving real little thrust per kilogram of propellant used, and their exhaust velocity cant exceed 5,000 meters per second. utilise these tools, Lozano adds, it would take at least nine months to get to Mars...3 Or would it? We have a hold view based on our experience. Space travel for human beings has only been in place for the past tense 50 years, and weve only travelled as far as the moon. Probes such as Voyager have surely exited our solar system, but their slow speed means that data returned to us takes years. Based on what we know, passing to another plan et is impossible. Yet, reports of UFOs persist. Sightings could be attributed to dreams or hallucinations, but there have been reports from credible sources such as the military and police where sightings have been distinct and over prolonged periods of time. In a Summary story on Observations 30-31 March 1990 from the Belgium Air Force, W. de Brouwer Kol Vl SBH stated the head of the police of WAVRE had alerted 4 other police displace in the area. All four, separated +- 10 NM from each other, confirmed the visual observations of unidentified flying objects.4 This particular sighting came during a period where both average citizens and the military also viewed these craft. When members of a police department or military report sighting

Islamic Religion in Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Moslem Religion in Prison - Essay Examplecan be traced back to the eighteenth coulomb (Latessa & Allen, 1997), and many scholars of the contemporary prison noned down that religious reflection and beliefs had lots of influence on developing current, secular prison practices (Rothman, 1995 Young, Gartner, OConnor, Larson, & Wright, 1990). In light of this, this paper presents the results of a study exploring the process of renascence to Islam amongst young male prisoners. In accordance with Rambo (1993, pg. 13), there are effectively four ways in which religious adaptation can be practiced it perhaps a practice of increased allegiance and commitment within the same religious composition a move from non religious devotion to a religious life a change from one religion to another and the shifting of a person from one group of people to another inside the same major religious practices. As such, the universe of discourse of Islamic conversions in prison is expected to be varied, representing of different traditions and different previous experiences of religious activities, as well as persons who recognize themselves as Muslim whose religiousity becomes more important upon imprisonment persons who do not identify themselves with any religion prior to imprisonment but who then subsequently adopt Islam whilst in jail and inmates who were following non-Islamic religions prior to, or certainly during part of, their imprisonment, but who then convert to Islam. indoors prison, a potential convert can come across a setting that is in live of the practice of conversion. Koses (1996) study of Muslim conversions in prison shows that the majority of persons practiced three patterns of conversion to Islamic religion, given that intellectual, affectional, and investigational patterns. Initial skepticism about prior faiths and intellectual finding within Islam values often paves the way towards conversion, and this has come with by individualistic contacts with Musli m brothers or links and a period of carrying-out-tests with Islamic religion. The prison environment is itself sometimes a hazardous environment for inmates, owing to the high levels of violent behavior that can be practiced, which may consist of sexual or physical threats and attacks (Edgar and ODonnell, 1998). However, converting to Islam in jail may serve to lessen an inmates threat from foul treatment. Several researchers reported

Same Sex Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Same Sex nuptials - Essay ExampleIn some countries like Netherlands, Denmark and so on, corresponding-sex unions argon now legally acceptable. urgent debates have now arisen between the homosexual community incarnateed by the pro-gay rights activists who argue for the rights of same-sex citizens to be unify just the same as heterosexual marriages and the religious, social, moral and political authorities who do non support same-sex marriages. The legalization of same-sex marriages is thus an issue of common and urgent concern, and all voices must be heard forwards making a legal judgment in this situation.In the present situation of homosexual sleeping around especially in the gay community, and the looming threat of AIDS, same sex marriage may just be the solution. It would promote monogamy, thus reigning in the danger of fatal diseases, as well as ambit up an ideal for the community where two battalion publicly vow their life-long commitment to each other. This lead also give both gay and lesbian communities a sense of being accepted. A bighearted number of these individuals whether from gay or lesbian communities have made signifi pratt contributions to society and enforcing their right to embrace would give them the freedom to live respectable lives as married couples in mainstream society. Furthermore, it would no longer be necessary for those with homosexual preferences to enter heterosexual marriages which end up in the divorce court or lead to a lifetime of frustrated conjugal life. transgender marriages would be just as socially acceptable, and would contribute to fewer break-ups in heterosexual relationships due to forced or involuntary participation.But same sex marriages may be too dramatic a departure from tradition for most plenty where dictionaries, encyclopedias and law books all define marriage necessarily as the union of a man and a woman. The very idea of two men in suits or two women in wedding gowns on the wedding aisle may fo rm a disconcerting picture, which a civil ceremony can only marginally mitigate. Most people consider marriage between a man and a woman to be the crucial and the most basic building unit of society, and when this changes to marriages between the same sex, it becomes an unfamiliar, bewildering land where the threat of complete social disintegration looms large. In common perception, one of the main reasons two people get married is also for procreation, for the provision of a nurturing environment for future progeny, which would form the next generation. Homosexual couples cannot have their own children, because nature ordained the mating of the male and the female to create a unseasoned life, and thus a fruitless union of the same sex may seem somewhat unnatural, and against the keep survival of our species.On the other hand, it may be argued that in our modern age there are various methods a same-sex married couple can use to have children, starting from adoption to semisynthe tic insemination, so this should not be an issue against same-sex marriages at all. If fertility were the basic condition for matrimony, a address of older couples beyond the childbearing age or infertile people would have been denied the right to marry, and this is not so. More importantly, a same-sex marriage actually gives respectable status to the adopted child or unnaturally inseminated child, because it gives them a stable family life where both the caregivers are in a committed, caring relationship. Legalization of same-sex marriages

United Nations Global Compact Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Nations world(prenominal) Compact - Research Paper representativeTwo principles which will be discussed in this memo ar principle 1 and 10 i.e. traffic with human rights as well as the corruption.Principle 1 of the Initiative basic everyy indicates that the firms should support and hold dear the internationally proclaimed human rights. Principle 10 however deals with the corruption and makes it important for the firms not to strike in any kind of corruption including bribery and extortion.1Considering the above principles, our firm therefore is willing to furnish its sincere recommendations and suggestions in this regard. We therefore propose that the corporate members of this local network group must pullulate a clear understanding of what are some of the expectations from members while following the initiative besides ensuring that all the firms comply with the regulations at various levels rather than ignoring them at one stage and complying with them on the other. T his would ensure that the principles are followed in their true spirit by all.Our firm strongly believes in these principles and has endeavored to inculcate them into our organizational grow in a manner that will ensure the compliance with all the principles. Our experience however, also suggests that the firms or partners whom we work with may not be in complete compliance with the principles outlined in Global Compact Initiative. As such it becomes our implied responsibility to ensure that all the stakeholders truly understand the relative meaning of these principles. Further, the business implications for compliance of these principles can be relatively difficult because companies cannot effectively influence their partners who may be involved in violation of any of the above principles. Our experience with our partners in countries like Bangladesh also indicates that our suppliers read into activities such as paying low wage rates, offering bribes to officials for getting appr ovals, having poor

Using examples, discuss the ways in which any one of the genres Essay

Using examples, discuss the ways in which any one of the genres explored on the module can be analysed either in ideologic terms or in terms of the construction of gender or race - Essay illustrationThis is further depicted with the passage of equality laws, and the exis exce of civil rights groups, whose intentions is to promote human rights. This includes equal standard of both genders. The major(ip) interest of this paper is on the media industry. This paper seeks to examine the manner which the sitcom genre, is sufficient to construct the concept of gender and race, within the society.Sitcom as a genre of comedy forever and a day features characters sharing the comparable universal setting, for example residence or place of work, with clock after time comic conversation. Sitcom is the abbreviation of situation comedy (Morreale, 2003). Programs like these originated from radio, however these days, sitcoms are found oftentimes on telly as one of its prevailing story forms . A situation comedy television program may possibly be created in frontage of studio viewers, depending on the programs creation set-up. The mathematical function of laugh trucks imitates the sound effects of a live studio audience. The usage of these laugh trucks is one of the major characteristics of the sitcom genre movies.Situation comedy contrasts with the other types of comedy like the sketch comedy and bring up comedy as it has a plot and ongoing characters in, basically a comedic narrative plot. The situation is often made up of comedic sequences lay down within a family unit place of work, or amongst a set of associates (Eduardo, 2011). Before and during the 20th century, comedy sketches were offered within a series of shows and assorted with tuneful presentations, as in vaudeville. The growing mass medium of radio allowed audiences to often return to the programs, so programs could display the same characters and situations in each and every episode and look forward to audiences to be well-known with them (Eduardo, 2011).Friend, aired for ten full seasons in 1994, is a renowned comedy show in the United

Public Policy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Public Policy - Coursework ExampleDialectic relationship is delimitate as the interactive relationship between two entities in which one affects the other(a) in a continuing iterative extremity. This process influences the strategic knowledge of both actors as well as the organize context, which in turn shapes the agents future action. The implications are that insurance network analysis may not be the foolproof method of polity analysis that it is made out to be. Nonetheless, it is attracting considerable interest in the policy-making arena because it expands the concerns of policy research previously confined to options directly or indirectly related to an issue. abbreviation of policy with the use of the policy network concept involves theoretical approaches in a wide take off of disciplines that includes political science, sociology, anthropology, international relations and management (Sutton, 1999). By putting political science theories at work, the process looks at polic y networks as epistemic communities that can help develop an understanding of the role of sundry(a) interest groups in the undertaking. The concept of an epistemic community is important, especially in knowledge-based theories, because it can influence quaternary stages of the policy process - policy innovation, diffusion, selection and persistence (Hasenclever, et al., 1997). These epistemic communities are likely to take a strong stand on the policy decisions, and once politicians agree with this position, the latter are expected to make experts into the circle of power, thus giving such communities an opportunity to have a substantial influence on the policy process (Ibid). From the sociological viewpoint, policy networks are classified as either corporatist, state-directed, collaborative or pluralist, which essentially differ in their degree of integration. The networks with the greatest level of integration are the so-called put right Triangle coalitions in the US, which ar e state-directed communities composed of congressional subcommittees, interest groups and government bureaus pursuing a inversely supportive relationship (Dowding, 1995). The level of integration of the other communities depends on the policy area. If the policy area concerns heftiness issues, the network assumes a corporatist character because it is made up of business groups, while it becomes collaborative if the issues relate to worldly concern health because the network will be composed of professional organizations. The network is pluralist in character if the policy under study involves national issues with social, political and economic ramifications. There are two different approaches to policy network analysis developed in UK, one by Rhodes (1997) and the other by Wilk & Wrights (in Dowding, 1995). The Rhodes approach specifically addresses the relations between the central British state and governance in the periphery (Dowding, 1995), thus it looks at the policy network as a cluster or complex of organizations connected to each other by resource dependencies and distinguished from other clusters or complexes by breaks in the structure of these resource dependencies. As for the Wilk & Wrights model, it seeks to explain the complex nature of policy-making in

Article Review of “Fat and Happy” Essay Example for Free

denomination Review of fatten up and Happy EssayIn Fat and Happy In Defense of Fat Acceptance, Mary Ray Worley offers a poignant account of her participation in a conference held by the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance. She compares attending this conference with chew outing an different planet. Until she had the opportunity to visit this other planet, she had not imbibed just how ostracized she felt. (Worley, component 1). Her participation in this conference made her realize that 20th century Ameri abide society (Worley, element 4) is very much responsible for the shame that she and other over tip individuals have been made to feel. While there are several aspects of society that contribute to the aberration of individuals who are overweight, Worley suggests that the medical field bears a great deal of the responsibility Although the data gathered for close current studies indicate that body size is primarily determined by ones communicable makeup, most re searchers concludein spite of their own findingsthat fat individuals should try to lose weight anyhow (Worley, element 3).She than goes on to argue that oftentimes attempts to diet only result in more weight gain. Worley marvels that apparently scientists cannot bring themselves to say that since body size is largely a result of ones genetic makeup its best to get on with the business of learning to live in the body you have, whatever its size (Worley, element 5). She also claims that doctors often make the situation worse careless(prenominal)(predicate) of the ailmentyour doctor may put you on a diet before she treats your cough (Worley, element 6).I believe that Worley makes a good point regarding the medical profession, but there is indeed a great deal of research that links obesity with increased heart problems among other things, which Worley ignores in this essay. In her uplifting conclusion, Worley encourages overweight individuals to love their bodies despite what society may say about them. Youre entitle to the space you take up.You can find clothes that show off the gorgeous person you are, you can play and dance without self-consciousness, you can be proud of yourself and never dread unwanted attention, you can be a brave pioneer and a friend to those who have suffered on planets less kind and less joyous than this one (Worley, element 2). In light of the many forces that are stacked against overweight individuals in our society, Worleys words of encouragement are astute and empowering.

A History of World in Six Glasses Essay Example for Free

A History of World in sixer Glasses EssayA History of World in Six Glasses by tom Standage An Analysis In his book, Standage presents the readers not just an evolution of time and unraveling of history nevertheless to a fault the frame of people and their culture in the image portrayed by the six types of boozing. In this paper, we shall deal with the complication a received fox can contribute to the evolution of society. In particular, we shall discuss the division play by these drinks in the frugal, political and social aspects of human life. Tom Standage reveals how the six drinks have played certain roles in history. First, he mentions beer as the drink that symbolizes the dawn of civilization. According to him, the farmers in the ancient times set barley and made beer kick the bucket away of it. Also, the guys who built the pyramids were paid in beer and bread. It was the defining drink of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Everybody drank it. Today its the drink of the wor king man, and it was then as well. This denotes that from the beginning, beer had been part of history and commerce as people utilize it normal in their meals, and to celebrate occasions. From this, we can also infer that people used the drink to establish connections or build good relationships. The concept of beer being used as a medium for celebration is convertible to the way other prodigious drinks are being served today including the wine. Wines may be as aged(a) as beer or even older (Standage 2003).Unlike beer, though, wines are more difficult to produce and preserve. The before people used it on special occasions such as weddings and other religious rites. In the Bible, we see different kinds of wine befitting occasions or the people who drank them . Wines also served seemingly as the demarcation line between the rich and the poor, with the first able to afford the more precious and older wines. The history of wine suggests its value in commerce as it was used to tra de with other countries for metals, leather and even slaves.Today, wine still marks its place in the important events in society from the simplest family gatherings to rare celebrations of the most important people in the society. Spirits such as brandy and rum were mentioned as drinks associated largely with sailors and pirates. Although they were consumed limitedly due to their effect, these drinks have also evolved with time as they marked history during the 17th Century in the Caribbean islands with sailors tasked to protect planters from pirates and European enemies.Rum was given as a reward to sailors for the sacrifice they endured aboard, but essentially these drinks helped the crew shake off their hardships and nostalgia, and continue with days ahead. To this day, spirits are still very hot among younger generations as they are mixed with juice and other flavors. Another famous drink that originated centuries ago was coffee. From the Arab Peninsula where it first origin ated, the aroma and taste of brewed beans have traveled across the world, in every house or establishment that appreciates the warmth coffee can bring.Its popularity can be attributed to the concept of alcohol-free drinks during the Age of Reason in the 18th Century. Today, coffee is loved and enjoyed by billions of people not only for its taste and aroma but also for its anti-oxidant effects. Its caffeine content is said to increase the speed of rapid information processing by ten percent, and a cup of regular (caffeine-containing) coffee after lunch helps to counteract the normal post-lunch capitulation inability to sustain concentration, aiding alertness.Tea, a drink widely associated with China dates back to as early as the third century A. D. According to Standage, it played a leading role in the expansion of lofty and industrial power of Great Britain for many centuries later. Similar to coffee, it helps workers and those who need to stay alert with its caffeine content, whi ch is wherefore tea or coffee breaks have been part of every business establishment. Remarkable of the 19th Century, the Coca-Cola began was introduced to the securities industry by its inventor, the pharmacist John Stith Pemberton.It has become a symbol of the United States due to its unprecedented gross revenue all over the world among popular drinks today. Notes in history ascertain East Germans quickly comer for Cokes when the Berlin Wall fell, while Thai Muslims poured it out into the streets to show disdain for the U. S. in the days leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq (Standage 2003). The popularity of Coca-Cola also represents the rise of consumer capitalism and instigates the emergence of America as a superpower. Overall, Standage believes that it is globalization in a bottle. Seeing the history of the world in these six types of drink, Standage is able to show us the role that each drink played in economy and society in general. It impresses upon us how each peg in history can be changed or affected by what people drink and how each drink reflects the market it represents. In particular, market technologists and economists can make a good sense out of the pattern rooted out by Standage for every drink. They can take note of the marketability of their product establish on the points offered inductively by Standage.As established, these drinks have helped change the economic situations of the countries of their origin. In particular, we see these drinks being used for trade as export products and as factors or images responsible for commercialism and achieving niche in the economic scene. We also see how these drinks have become part of the political systems of the world in the form of symbols of whiz or disparity among nations. Furthermore, the six drinks have served as images to represent social stead, conventions, and individuality of the people who drink them.While it is commendable of Standage to use these drinks as portals to what develo ped in history, it may also be unused to look at other drinks that similarly mirror our evolution. In this regard, we may suggest the inclusion of other drinks such as juice, chocolate drinks, and other liquids sold today which are very popular among the early days in the present generation, and which do not necessarily explain political or economic status but simply elucidate on the options people take in response to stimuli in their environment.To give an account of these drinks would complete the details of history of his book, not just centering on the antiquities but also explicating on the modern times.Works CitedAncient Greece. All About Greek Wine. 2003. 24 November 2007. http//www. allaboutgreekwine. com/history. htm. Coffee and Your Health. Heine Brothers Coffee. 24 November 2007. http//www. heinebroscoffee. com/. Handwerk, Brian. The World in a Glass Six Drinks That Changed History. National Geographic News. 3 October 2003. 24 November 2007. http//news. nationalgeograph ic. com/news/2005/10/1003_051003_six_drinks. html. Jesus Changes Water to Wine. Biblegateway. com. 1995. 26 November 2007. http//www. biblegateway. com/passage/? book_id=50chapter=2version=31. Standage, Tom. A History of World in Six Glasses. Canada Doubleday Canada, 2005. The Tradition of Rum and the Sea. The Ministry of Rum. 2003. 25 November 2007. http//www. ministryofrum. com/articles. php.

The Juvenile Court System Essay Example for Free

The new-fashioned judiciary System EssayThe Juvenile administration is the fulcrum around which rolls the judicial machinery for the treatment of adolescent person offenders. The testship may counsel and dismiss a youthful offender or allow a sack upon the offender submitting a stick by to be of good behavior. The lawcourt may also prepare the centering of the late offender to the c be of a relative or other responsible person or to an approved school for corrective education. Oftentimes, parents or guardians are ordered to carry out a bond to exercise proper care and guardianship. The court may issue an order of probation or payment of a fine, compensation or costs. Imprisonment may be ordered as a last spa if determined that the delinquent can non be appropriately meted out in any other conceivable means. A state may allow youth offenders to be tried in adult courts for villainys which are sound as murder or rape. There are ways by which a jejune may be tried as an adult.One is through a waiver where the juvenile court judge decides whether or not a juvenile cuticle should be transferred to a criminal court. The most democratic way is for the pursuance to decide if the juvenile delinquent is to be tried in an adult court or in the juvenile court. The last one is where some offenses are excluded by the state from prosecution in juvenile courts. A landmark expression concerning juvenile due process is Kent v. unite States, where a 14-year old defendant was charged for robbery and rape and interrogated for seven hours until finally admitting his guilt. Several motions were filed by the defendant but were denied by the judge without a hearing. The case was appealed to the Court of Appeals but the same was denied. However, the Supreme Court ruled in his favor, declaring that the accused has the right to the same due process accorded to adult offenders, such as the right to be assisted by counsel during custodial investigation and the r ight to access to evidence. This case vaunted an extreme or rigorous effect on how a juvenile court dealt with a juvenile delinquent (l966).In re Gault, which is another landmark case involving the rights of the juvenile offender to due process, Gault, old 15 was arrested when a neighbor complained that Gault and his friend had called her and made obscene remarks over the phone. Without due process, the juvenile was committed to an industrial school until he reaches the age of 21.At that time the Arizona Juvenile Code did not provide specified constitutional rights to the offenders. And under the Arizona law, Gault has no right to appeal. The Supreme Court held that a notice of hearing, informing the juvenile of the charges against him, the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses and the right against self-incrimination accorded to adult offender mustiness also be provided to the young offender that the guarantees provided by the constitution do not distinguish a juveni le offender from adult offender (Palicz).In origin v. Jones, the respondent was provided 17 eld old when accused of committing acts while holding a gun. If he was an adult the act was criminal. The Juvenile Court held that he was guilty of a criminal offense and was again tried as an adult in California Superior Court. The U.S. Supreme Court held that the proceeding was a violation of the Double Jeopardy article of the Fifth Amendment. The respondent was first tried in the juvenile court as a juvenile and again at the superior court as an adult (l975).These cases had strikingly ensued on the manner juvenile delinquents are treated. The courts now had to afford the juvenile his rights under the constitution. Legitimate transfer hearing must be provided and notice must be served at the right time to provide ample time for the juvenile and his family to prepare for the case. Status offenders are juveniles committing actions if committed by adults are not considered as felony or misd emeanor, such as running away from home, smoking, alcoholism, truancy, and incorrigibility or beyond the control of the parents. Parents are compelled to file petition to loaf services from the juvenile justice system as there is little or nothing in the community that provides services or support for status offenders. If a juvenile is adjudged as incorrigible, he is displace under probation which include counseling, psychiatric examination, parenting and assessment for medication. This process is to assist the peasant and the family in resolving the line of work and improve the childs conduct.For those who ran away from home, the court may order a family relative or friend to take custody of the child. However, if there is no other option, the court may decide to delegate the child in jail for a short term.Proceedings in the juvenile court are civil and not criminal and special terms are used for the stages in the proceedings. There is no jury and hearings are informal, but th e rules of evidence apply. In juvenile court the defendant is called respondent and the case commences by petition and not by indictment. The juvenile may admit or deny the offense charge in the adjudicatory hearing if the court finds the respondent dangerous, proceedings begin with a handgrip hearing.Adjudication must take place within 30 days after the service of the petition. If found that the child committed the acts, a relish hearing is held. Adjudication and disposition hearings are two separate proceedings. In disposition hearing, the court determines whether the respondent needs treatment or rehabilitation and whether he is delinquent. The court may order the services of care providers such as the Department of Social Service, the Board of Education, the Department of Juvenile work to help in rehabilitating the child. The final stage is the restitution hearing for the determination of the monetary compensation for the dupe who suffered injury for the delinquent acts of th e juvenile.The Juvenile Court today has adopted the significant Supreme Court rulings in the landmark cases mentioned above. Before deciding the case, the court determines the general demeanor of the offender, home and school environment and checkup history. Every possible way to help the parents and the juvenile delinquents are being coordinated not only by the judge but also by other members of the judicial system.ReferencesKent v. U. S. 383 U.S. 541 (1966). Supreme Court of the United States, Supreme CourtCollection. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved on October 25, 2007 fromhttp//www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0383_0541_ZO.htmlPalicz, A. K. Review in re Gault. Retrieved on October 25, 2007 from http//www.yria.alcade.net/essays/inregault.htmBreed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519 (1975, May 27). U. S. Supreme Court. Findlaw. Retrieved onOctober 25, 2007 from http//caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=usvol=421invol=519

Effective Discipline Without Physical Punishment Essay Example for Free

Effective Discipline With bulge out sensual Punishment EssayContrary to what generations of fires obligate experienced in their experience tykehood, corporal penalisation is not an sound method to subprogram when rearing children. P arnts should become educated in opposite strategies that are non- forcible and much effective in curbing mis air in children. Positive effective methods would include using timeouts, reasoning, ordered consequences and reparation. In its most general sense, battleground refers to systematic instruction given to a disciple.To discipline mess climb on to instruct a person to follow a particular code of conduct, while the purpose of discipline is to develop and entrench delectable social habits in children. These habits are what go away alter children to become ample members of society in adulthood. For children discipline is a mint of rules, rewards and punishments to teach self-control. Punishments should never do visible, mental o r emotional price when dispensed. Kohn (2005) teaches us that when a major infr travelion occurs, levys should apply a consequence that has bounteous symbolic value that it convinces the child not to repeat the offense.Discipline is one of the most important elements in rearing children. The ultimate end is to foster sound judgment and morals so the child leave alone develop and maintain self-discipline finishedout the rest of their life. Through proper discipline, children learn how to function in a family and society that is full of boundaries, rules, and laws by which we all must abide. Effective punishment can enable children to learn self-control and responsibility of their own behavior.Many experts, including The American Academy of Pediatrics AAP (1998) believe that effective punishment consists of twain punitive and non-punitive methods, but does not involve any forms of physiological punishment. The punishment s gist forth by the enkindles should be effective eno ugh that it reduces the exact for more punishment, and decrease the repeat of the offense. An instant spot we learn from Ross (1993) is that the focus be on the misbehavior and not on the punishment.The punishment ensnare forth by the fire or guardian should change the misbehavior in the child, thereby lessen the chance of any repeats of he misbehavior. A second key from Ross (1993) informs us that parents should keep in judicial decision that part of reprimanding for misbehaving is likewise reminding children of what is behaving sinkly. For the child to learn reclaim from wrong, they need to be informed of what is right. This follow by dint of is as important as the punishment. Building a Foundation To build and maintain a universe for discipline to become effective, parents provide need an assortment of components. The AAP (1998) informs us that there are four key components needed that are essential.First needed is a loving and supportive relationship between the chi ld and parent. Second is a positive proactive system to support sought after behaviors. Third, is a non-combative approach for dealing with the misbehavior. Last, is consistency, parents will need to be consistent in using disciplinary techniques on a fifty-fifty basis. Should parents fail to discipline a misbehavior or fail to support a desirable behavior upon each occurrence, then the child can receive a mixed mess get on with on what is right or wrong. Each of these components relies on one another to become successful as a all (AAP, 1998).Effective Discipline MethodsRespectful colloquy between the child and parent is another component. However, this behavior will need to be taught to children as apologiseed by the AAP (1998). Parents can accomplish this by modeling respectful communication themselves. From a young age, the child will begin imitating those that are surrounding them. Thereby the parents modeling the behaviors they explore to stomach in their children, can accomplish two components in a single effort. In addition, when communication parents should be specific with their child, rather it is praising for a desirable behavior or correcting a misbehavior.Essentially, parents need to give correction without direction. They should also avoid using abstract language and state in age appropriate terms that the child will understand. This will avoid confusion on the childs part on what behavior was incorrect and why it was. According to the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child health Human Development NICHD (2001), for correction through discipline to have a lasting effect, it must have reforming value. Parents will need to be prepared to deal with each misbehavior in advance by having clear defined strategies of effective discipline to example.For success, it is imperative that each punishment given fit the misbehavior. or so of the most effective punishments are also the most time consuming for a parent. Keep in mind thou gh the rewards are by far greater when seeing the child moving through each developmental stage with ease, largely due to the parents continued implement of effective discipline. The most unremarkably used discipline method is isolation or more informally referred to as a suspension for toddler discipline. This consists of temporarily separating a child from an environment where the inappropriate behavior has occurred.The Nemours Foundation (2008a) explains that the theory easy a time-out is that children are frightened by their own lack of control thus booster cable to a tantrum. More everywhere, when given the chance to regain self-control on their own in a noneffervescent place free of distractions, learn to develop internal self-control. Again, follow through is needed, where the parent will explain what the misbehavior was to the child to increase the chances of fewer occurrences in the future. An infrequent punishment to be applied for a misbehavior would be depravation. To deprive or refuse a child a privilege has to mates the severity of the misbehavior.Moreover, children should learn that privileges come with responsibility and be earned. A privilege that is of value to the child, such as watching television or playing with friends, would be a privilege to remove. An example of a pair would be a depriving a toddler their favorite television program for a month for forgetting to ram up their toys. The infraction does not equal the punishment the length of time is too long for the age of the child. An important point for parents to remember when using this method of discipline with very young children is that toddlers generally have very short memories as recommended by Ross (1993).So when a privilege is taken away from a child for two or three days the child may forget about the punishment the second day. Grounding is a form of punishment usually for older children and teenagers that restricts their movement inside and extracurricular of th e home. However, bear in mind that extended periods can backfire, causing the child to life persecuted or picked on and starting a negative retaliation round of drinks. Many experts including author Kohn (2005) suggest compounding foundation garment with other alternatives that would allow them to earn a reduction in the grounding period.Likewise, depending upon the nfraction that occurred parents could also increase the severity of grounding by restricting the child from certain privileges in the home as well as outside of the home, like no television or phone calls. Another effective discipline tactic is reparation. mess is an active punishment, meaning the child will need to work off the infraction before allowed to do anything else. fleck working off the infraction the child will have time to reflect over the incident and the subsequent consequence. An example would be an extra chore not normally through with(p) by the child, like washing the windows versus picking up thei r room.Reparation also takes supervision from the parents, where deprivation does not. The Nemours Foundation (2008b) further believes that, of the two, reparation is the more effective of the two punishments. Another effective discipline for older children and teenagers would be the use of logical consequences. This provides opportunities that allow children to be decisions on their own, and incidentally learning to weigh the consequences of their actions. This discipline practice offers both a discipline for the misbehavior and a great building block for children, teaching them to think ahead(predicate) of instant gratification.Using logical consequences does require some creativity, time and energy on the part of the parents. The bread gain is worthwhile because it effectively teaches children lessons in behaving in socially acceptable ways and in go a farm, responsible adult. An example would be allowing the child to work off an infraction and because they have done such a well job without complaining, you have given them five dollars. Next, allow the child to make the decision either to use the money to pay off a previous debt to the next-door neighbor for having unconnected their window or to use it for ice cream later with their friends.When the child chooses to pay off the debt, the parent would give high praise and possibly an additional reward for making such a mature decision. Logical reasoning and positive reinforcement work very well together in producing the desirable leaves wanted in teenagers. NICHD (2001) points out that a child can learn, that mistakes are an inevitable part of life and that it is not so important that they made a mistake but that they take responsibility to correct the mistake (Nemours Foundation, 2008b NICHD, 2001).Praise and intangible rewards are a great practice to use when rewarding desirable behavior. Positive reinforcement through praise is something children will receive not just from their parents but also from their teachers, friends and eventually their employer and co-workers. The NICHD (2001) emphasizes that children are more responsive to positive statements however make sure your compliments are truthful. Children, like adults, will see through false flattery. Reinforcement should also be age-appropriate.Expecting a teenager to change their behavior by rewarding them with stickers is likely to be ineffective. The flip to positive reinforcement is satiation. repletion is the term used to describe a situation of a reinforcement losing its effectiveness. For example, if a child is receiving sweets as reinforcement, it is likely that after an extended period of time they will tire of the candy thus losing effectiveness. surfeit can also occur if too much reinforcement is world used, as pointed out by the Nemours Foundation (2008b).An example would be, earning up to ten minutes of playtime a day might serve up as reinforcement for a longer period of time, versus being given the op portunity to earn an instant of play time. Examples of positive reinforcement for junior children would be hugs, special time, unique privileges, etc. , for encouraging good behavior (Nemours Foundation, 2008b NICHD, 2001). Corporal Punishment and the Negative Effects The most disconcerting form of punishment is physical punishment. Physical punishment has negative effects, both mentally and emotionally on every living being in this world.Moreover, when physical punishment is applied to children for a misbehavior it severs no reforming valve. A childs mind will not understand the context to what is right or wrong. They will only whop pain, fear, and the fear will grow and overshadow logical reasoning. When a parent strikes a child, they are communicating to the child that they are bigger, stronger and entitled to be violent. When the child grows up, they will feel that they are entitled to act the same way. Parents who use physical punishment as a method of correcting a misbehavi or are instilling fear in the child vs. sense of right and wrong.Sanders, Cann and Markie-Dadds (2003) inform us that parents who are at risk of abusing their children are more likely to have unrealistic expectations of childrens capabilities. Physical punishment sends a mixed message to children and reinforces aggressive behavior. According to Vittrup and Holden (2006), when parents model aggressive behaviors by raffish, they reinforce the idea that physical aggression is the way to get what you want. Parents can break away from using physical punishment as a discipline method.It is possible for well-intentioned loving parents to get angry enough with their children to use physical punishment like spanking or slapping. However, this is a slippery slope for parents. Parents see the instant result when the child is three from a spank on the butt and will be quicker to use this method again to achieve the same results, as they grow older. Parents may only mean for the spanking to be a punishment, however many experts state that it is more accurately used as a means of releasing the parents own anger and frustration.Although these parents are well aware that the purpose of discipline is to teach, the risk of exposure of using physical punishment repeatedly and abusing the child becomes greater. The AAP (1998) maintains apart from suffering physical pain, the child will also feel as though there is something wrong with them (instead of something wrong with their behavior). This can create resentment, rejection and humiliated. in all of which can lead to body and self-image issues in the child later in life. Any form of physical punishment is traumatic and parents should take heed before striking a child.According to the Severe (1996) as well as many other child development experts, physical punishment can dismiss violent thoughts in a childs mind and possibly teach them that violence is an acceptable behavior in a relationship. Author Vittrup and Holden (2006) tells us that repetition of physical punishment can make the child resistive against it and then it will not even work as a temporary correction method. The AAP (1998) points out that, discipline should be based on expectations that are appropriate for the age of the child, and it should be used to set reasonable, consistent limits while permitting choices among acceptable alternatives.Discipline teaches children moral and social standards. The APP (1998) contends discipline should also protect children from harm by teaching what is safe while guiding them to respect the rights and property of others. Although verbal explanations may assist older children understand their punishment, reasoning is ineffective if children are incapable of understanding the explanation. According to Nemours Foundation (2009c), children younger than 18 months are typically unable to apply the context of the reasons for punishment, therefore their overwhelming desire to explore heir environment makes punishment less effective.In the moment of an incident and those instantaneously following, parents can feel a mix of emotions and they will need to separate their anger before they impose a punishment. The scoop up advice from the Nemours Foundation ( 2009c) to a parent in the heat of the moment during an incident of misbehavior is for the parent to take time to cool down. Telling the child to go to their room will thereby give the parent time to calm down and rationally think over the incident before dispensing with a punishment.The parent can then avoid lashing out in anger or fear. When the parent is dollar sign enough, they can then engage the child and talk over the incident, explaining the why of the misbehavior and what the childs punishment will be. According to the Vittrup and Holden (2006) yelling, threatening, scolding, and spanking are not considered effective punishments. As these reactions release the parents anger, however they have little long-term effect on corr ecting the misbehavior, and are primarily a release valve for the parents frustration.Physical punishment is also a leading cause in the destruction of the trust bonds between parents and children. Some researchers, including authors Kohn (2005) and Severe (1996), have maintained that corporal punishment really works against its objective (obedience) since children will not voluntarily obey an adult, they do not trust. Children subjected to physical punishment will grow resentful, shy, insecure and or violent. Once the bonds of trust are in question by the child, the entire foundation parents built to form effective discipline in children will be destroyed.Since the core of the foundation is a loving caring environment with trust, the child will feel incapable of rely the parent in the future. Conclusion Parenting professionals and organizations including the NICHD (2001) are participating in an ongoing effort to change tralatitious parental use of physical punishment for a means of discipline to more effective non-physical methods. While a major purpose of discipline is to develop desirable social habits in children, the ultimate goal is to foster sound judgment and morals so children will develop and maintain self-discipline throughout the rest of their lives.Children raised in a way that stresses positive non-physical discipline will understand their own behavior better, show independence, and respect themselves and others. These children will then carry forward the non-violent methods of effective punishment onto their children and the cycle will keep repeating for future generations. In many cultures, parents have historically had the right to use physical punishment when appropriate in discipline. However, legislation in some countries has changed in recent years, particularly in continental Europe.Domestic corporal punishment has now, been outlawed in 25 countries around the world, solution with Sweden in 1979. The United States is not one of these countries however, through means of education we can evolve and substance their ranks. To borrow from Ralph Waldo Emerson, an American Human Rights Activist, character is higher than intellect. It is the choices we make in the moment of the incident and those immediately following that determine our character and set an example for our children to follow.

A Letter Format About the Advancements Essay Example for Free

A Letter Format Ab show up the Advancements EssayDear Mr. Darwin,I am writing this letter to avow you of the current status of the finches you were so fascinated with what has changed since your visit, new(a) theories, and all of the currently set species.First and foremost, I would like to tell you that your works and studies on the finches have got become the most closely tied to you out of all of your other various studies. Modern-day scientists have become just as intrigued (if not much so) with the drab-colored little birds as you were. They show a great promise in explaining how evolution and natural excerpt works, and could easily be considered one of the most important scientific discoveries in history.Though the finches have not changed much in and of themselves since your last visit, much has been discovered about them that was not previously known. Although including all such(prenominal) discoveries in this text would be far too time and space consuming, I will tell you of some of the main changes below.Although you originally grouped all of the various types of finches into four genera, many modern-day scientists have decided that there are in fact six different genera the Geospiza, Camarhynchus, Cactospiza, Platyspiza, Certhidea, and the Pinaroloxias. In addition, scientists have identified 14 species of finches, and there may be more scientists are still discovering things. Below I shall overwhelm a chart detailing the species in relation to the generaCommon Name Genus SpeciesSmall Ground Finch GeospizaFuliginosa medium Ground Finch GeospizaFortisLarge Ground Finch GeospizaMagnirostrisSharp-beaked Ground Finch GeospizaDifficilisCactus Ground Finch GeospizaScandensLarge Cactus Ground Finch GeospizaConirostrisSmall Tree FinchCamarhynchusParvulus middling Tree FinchCamarhynchusPauperLarge Tree FinchCamarhynchusPsittaculaWoodpecker FinchCactospizaPallidusMangrove Finch Cactospiza HeliobatesVegetarian FinchPlatyspizaCrassirostrisWarbler Finch CerthideaOlivaceaCocos Island FinchPinaroloxiasInornataAlthough the above proclivity is quite detailed, it doesnt allow all of the various finches many are slightly different from the above species, but not so different as to count as a separate species. Many finches have similar vividness but slightly posses different beaks, or vice versa. It should also be noted that the above list only includes the finches discovered thus so far. There could very well be more finches that modern scientists are unaware of.The new species and genera are all new discoveries, and it is not certain whether or not they are newly evolved since your visit or simply hadnt been found by you. Either way, their discovery has helped the scientific manhood immensely in its attempt to understand evolution and natural selection.To draw a windup to this letter, I must once again congratulate you on your efforts all those many years agone they have helped to shape modern science, and have provided us wi th a greater understanding of the workings of the world. The world is indebted to you.

How Technology Affects the Business Environment Essay Example for Free

How Technology Affects the chore Environment EssayDuring the last nose candy, the public has been with a technical revolution. We withdraw in few years moved from being a earthly concern where it could take months to receive a message, to being a world where it takes microseconds. Within most industries, engine room is a very chief(prenominal) particularor to succeed. Especially in certain industries, like readiness, transport and fiscal services, technological innovations have been vital to make those industries develop into what they are today. Companies are always struggling to acquire come apart technology, so that they in a more efficient way can produce their products or defend out their services. It is therefore important for companies to keep an eye on new technological innovations. The technological elements of the extraneous environment are a part of the LoNGPEST analysis, which is being use to scan a firms environment, so it in a best possible way can adop t to it. In this essay, I will sweat to explain how technology has been a vital designer for the globalization, and how it has do the world more efficient. thither is no doubt that the discipline of information and communications technology is maven of the causes for globalization. The table below shows the reduction in communicating and travelling prices.According to the table, the price of a 3 minutes phone call have been reduced by 98,6%. The reduction in air transport costs per mile is 74%. There is no doubt that such reductions encourage companies to expand geographicly. In addition, the rapid growth of the net has made it possible to share information with the rest of the world in microseconds. Eric Samuels states that one of the industries that has grown because of information technology is the financial service industry. He states that delivery of services has break more efficient because of the application of technology. What he is saying, is that the financial servi ces provided are being done more effective and at a inflict cost than before. By using the internet, companies can reach out to the whole world without spending a pound. In addition to claim that the financial service industry has grown due to the information technology, Dr. Nicolas Pologeorgis as well states that the industry, since 1998, has gone through a rapid geographic expansion.This especially applies to wealthy nations, like countries from Europe and USA. He claims that customers previously served by local financial institutions are now targeted at a global level. Dr. Pologeorgis believes that one of the reasons for this, besides deregulation and more trading between countries, is the information technology. function like ATMs and websites is being used to develop a more efficient relationship between long distance customers and suppliers. A athletic field about globalization of the banking industry, states that improvements in technology have facilitated greater geograp hic reach by allowing institutions to escape larger information flows from more locations and to evaluate and manage risks at lower cost without being geographically close to the customer.One character of a company from this industry that expanded geographically in the 90s is Goldman Sachs (GS). I 1990, Robert Ruding and Stephen Friedman decided to focus on GS global operations. During the 1990s, GS went through a rapid geographical expansion. Today, GS has offices located in all major financial centres around the world. I have made a comparison between the growth in the financial service sector and the use of internet worldwide. It was in the 90s that the internet use exploded. In 1995, 16 million people were connected to the internet (0,4 of world population). The table below shows that the use of internet exploded about the same time that the financial service industry, according to Pologeorgis, really started expanding geographically.However, it is not only the improvements in communication and information technology that has contributed to a more efficient and globalized world. Another industry that has been affected by improvements in technology the last century is the anele and gas industry. An term made by naturalgas states that new innovations have reshaped the industry into a technological leader9. A report made by the U.S. Department of energy in 1999 shows that if technology had stagnated in 1985, the States would have needed twice as many wells to produce the same add together of cover and gas. However, because of technological improvement, we only need half as many wells to produce the same make sense in 1999. In 1999, the America used 22 000 less wells to produce the same amount as they did in 1985.A statistical review of world energy made by BP illustrates how often oil and natural gas that has been produced in each country and worldwide from 1965-2010. Worldwide, the total development of oil has increase from 31,806,000 barrels daily i n 1965, to 82,095,000 barrels daily in 2010. The development of oil has increased from 96,9 billion box-shaped feet daily in 1970, to 309 billion cubic feet daily in 2010. The main reason to the increase in production is off course the growing demand, but according to naturalgas it would have been impossible without the improvement in our technology. Consumption of oil increased from 30,783,000 daily in 1965 to 87,382,000 barrels daily in 2010 and consumption of gas increased from 63 billion cubic feet daily in 1965 to 306,6 billion cubic feet daily in 2010.Another industry that has developed because of new technology is the atomic industry. Numbers interpreted from NEI shows that 13,5 of the worlds electricity production IN 2010, was provided by nuclear power. Furthermore, NEI states that in total, 15 countries relied on nuclear energy to supply at least one-quarter of their total electricity. According to NEI, one example of a country that is dependent of nuclear energy is Fran ce. 74,1 percent of the energy produced in France was generated through nuclear energy. The statistical review published by BP, shows that the consumption of electricity generated from nuclear power has increased tremendously since 1965.In 1965 the global consumption of terra hours has increased from 25,7 in 1965 to 2767,2 terra hours in 2010. FINN UT OM DAILY In this essay, I have tried to show how technology has been a vital part of both the globalization and the development of a more efficient world. I have found that information and communication technology has been important for globalization. Lower costs of travelling and communicating overseas encourage people to expand geographically. In addition, the fact that use of internet has developed into a common thing, especially in developed countries, makes customers able to do services that they could not do before. My essay also shows how the oil and gas industry have become more efficient, and how the nuclear industry has grow n due to technological improvements.Reference listDepartment for Business Enterprise Regulatory Reform (2008) Globalisation and the changing UK economy, page 3 online. gettable from http//www.bis.gov.uk/files/file44332.pdf accessed at 22.11.2011. British Petroleum (2011) Historical data online. Available fromhttp//www.bp.com/sectionbodycopy.do?categoryId=7500contentId=7068481 (then click on historical data) Accessed at 23.11.2011.U.S. Department of energy (1999) Environmental benefits of advance oil and exploration and production technology online. Available from http//www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/environ_benefits/4envben.pdf Accessed at 22.11.2011.U.S. Department of life forcehttp//www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/environ_benefits/3innov.pdfFunding Universe, The Goldman Sachs group INC online. Available from http//www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/The-Goldman-Sachs-Group-Inc-Company-History.html Accessed at 22.11.2011.Goldman Sachs (2011), who w e are at a glance online. Available from http//www2.goldmansachs.com/who-we-are/at-a-glance/index.html Accessed at 22.11.2011.Internet World Stats (2008), internet growth statistics online. Available fromhttp//www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm Accessed at 21.11.2011.Internet World Stats (March 31, 2011), internet physical exertion statistics online. Available from http//www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm Accessed at 21.11.2011.Dr. Nicolas Pologeorgis (2009), The Globalization of Financial Services online. Available from http//www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/09/risk-free-rate-return.aspixzz1eNeBhksO Accessed at 20.11.2011.Eric Samuels (2011), Marketing of Financial Services online. Available from http//www.measurethat.com/?cat=5 Accessed at 20.11.2011. NaturalGas (2010), Natural Gas and Technology online. Available from http//www.naturalgas.org/environment/technology.asp Accessed at 22.11.2011.Nuclear Energy Institute (2011), world statistics, nuclear energ y around the world online. Available from http//www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/nuclear_statistics/worldstatistics/ Accessed at 22.11.2011.Wall Street Journal (2010), A Brief History of Goldman Sachs online. Available from http//online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704671904575193780425970078.html Accessed at 21.11.2011Allen N. Berger, Qinglei Dai, Steven Ongen, David C. Smith (2002) To What Extent Will the Banking Industry be Globalized?A Study of Bank Nationality and nominate in 20 European Nations, page 3 online Available from http//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTFR/Resources/banking_industry_globalization.pdf Accessed at 22.11.2011.

Coverage and value of bioEdit to bioinformatics Essay Example for Free

Coverage and value of bioEdit to bioinformatics analyzeThe study of molecular(a) Biology necessitates the in depth analysis and evaluation of molecules and their various compositions found in living things, particularly proteins or amino acids which were then identified to be the edifices of life. As time passed, molecular biologists realized the importance of going beyond the study of protein or amino acid structures, and focus on deoxyribonucleic acid and other nucleic acids which map out how life is formed, transformed, or reproduced.The study of the two most eventful molecular structures in living things amino acids and nucleic acids forms the foundation of Molecular Biology, as hale as Genetics, as fields of science. (Horobin, 2003) In studying these acids, molecular biologists and geneticists need to find out their composition, structures, and sequences in order to identify how they atomic number 18 formed and identify their respective roles in building life. (Ho robin, 2003) For the purpose of deeply understanding the importance of sequencing and realignment in Molecular Biology, as well as Genetics, we will focus on the subject of DNA.Molecular Biologists and Geneticists hire the process of DNA sequencing by following established methodologies and standards. Because of enormous funding obtained from both public and hugger-mugger sectors that are extremely interested in advancing the field of genome sequencing, particularly for purposes of genetic modification and cloning, the DNA sequencing methodology has been continuously evolving in order to adapt new findings and trends that raise its reliability, validity, and efficiency. (Griffin Griffin, 1994)Sequencing and realignment of data and samples help Molecular Biologists and Geneticists create various patterns of DNA links or formation, assemble or disassemble structures for a deeper or more thorough analysis, create a map or graphic organizer which will like a shot illustrate how enzy mes or other substances are formed from base samples such as DNA, analyses of DNA samples and sequences in order to predict outcomes in protein formation, analyses of protein or amino acids in order to determine their specific features or characteristics, look for other structures or sequences within the database with similar characteristics and formations with the sample, and thence aligning similar structures or sequences together in order to predict reactions, growth and development, and so on. (Griffin Griffin, 1994)Results from the sequencing, alignment, or realignment processes that are primary accomplished by resorting to bioinformatics tools such as BioEdit, constitute the information for proper DNA sequences in order to identify anomalies or flaws in other models or structures. This is most important in the field of medicine and health because it helps professionals determine serious diseases or illnesses that might be passed on through heredity, varying genes in order t o commute anomalies or flaws within its structures, and such.Sequences and alignments also help further genetic cloning because it provides relevant information on how life may be reproduced in the process. Other practical uses of DNA sequencing and alignment include the betterment product formation, by determining how the formation of genes may be developed gearing towards constructiveness, particularly in the food industry. (Walker Rapley, 2000).BioEdit, as a tool for sequencing and aligning various molecules or substances such as DNA, nucleic acids, amino acids, etc. , is therefore extremely important in the realization of the goals of Molecular Biology and Genetics. Through its comp services and features aside from sequencing and aligning, the application is able to help molecular biologists and geneticists thoroughly analyze sequences for various purposes aforementioned, consequently advancing not only their respective fields but other scientific industries as well includin g health care and medicine, psychology and behavior, farming and agriculture, food processing and production, genetics, etc.

E Fraud Essay Example for Free

E Fraud EssayAn e- drool is considered to be an electronic crime that affects non only individuals pipelinees and governments but besides only(a)ows for truly negatively intelligent people and hackers to procedure their intelligence to log into differents accounts usance their cite note numbers and banking password and transact huge amounts of change and money . it has been seen that e maneuver is on the increase and this is because of the low levels of aw atomic number 18ness, the inappropriate counter measures that atomic number 18 ineffective to handle this kind of mockery has take to e skulkers being on the increase . The only argona that has been actively mired in reducing the impact of fraud is the technical side leaving the goer(a) so umteen variables verboten of the purview of the e fraud scenario. This has make e fraud even to a great extent easier because thither receive been no mechanisms to reduce these evanescerences and even if on that poin t are in that location has been limited penalties identification numberd to the frauds that happen on the cyber billet. inception The complexity of modern enterprises, their reliance on technology, and the heightened Interconnectivity among brass instruments that is both a result and a driver of e- occupancy these are rapidly evolving developments that create widespread opportunities for theft, fraud, and other forms of exploitation by off deceaseers both outside and inside an organization (KPMG 2000) The paper tries to assimilate and analyze the strategies that can be adopted by e genuinelyone who deals on the cyber space to entertain their information and finances securely.This paper as comfortably as tries to analyze why such(prenominal) frauds occurs and what can be by means of with(p) by stakeholders to minimize the occurrences and is it worthwhile an attempt to bring in a global governance edict which could help businesses and agencies nab the criminals . It is re corded that global e medico sales are steadily exploitation and with this the e commerce fraud too. The eco carcass which has promoted the concept of ecommerce streams from the millions of divulgepers and customers who use their debit and credit cards .though online shop is projected to be a very safe way of shopping and bank proceeding through secured payment modes, frauds have been continu onlyy on the increase . It has been objectively researched that e commerce legal proceeding have to be highly secured . Every trans carry out has to be screened for the following inputs . 1. Risk based hallmark should be enabled for every transaction and to prove the integrity of the user. 2. Card holderss information has to be tokenized so that consumers identity can be authorized and fostered. . Reputed brands should shut down phishing and Trojan attacks that make easy e commerce frauds. Some practical applications for reducing e commerce brands Fraud detection and prevention by addres sing the critical acquires of the entire credit card eco system. Evaluating minutes for the risk and balancing risk activities in cards . High transaction abandonment rates that results from poor user experience . Reducing the shape costs so that we ecommerce frauds commitment costs become high .The following diagrammatic representation shows how the individualized info ecosystem is subject to hacking by very professional hackers. (sourceGoogle. com) Credit card fraud The credit card industry reports huge frauds conducted over the net profit in the US alone, in the year 2010, $8. 6 one thousand million card frauds occurred (Aite Group study). With ecumenical electronic information sourcing and data storage and the thousands on online purchasing that is departure on, the frequency of card usage has increased and this has resulted in financial institutions and cardholders becoming victims of e fraud .Countries worldwide have set up agencies to monitor e fraud and have their o wn agencies to take help of such crimes curiously those related to the cyber space and those which happen on cyberspace and in ecommerce space . E commerce sales is expected to total almost $1 trillion by 2013. Ecommerce fraud is also growing along with this. Fraudulent transactions rose from 2. 7 trillion in 2010 to $3. 4 billion in 2011 and are expected to grow exponentially. The use of internet has made these frauds possible. There are many reasons why these frauds occur. . The change magnitude complex software that is now being used to relay ecommerce has made the systems conquerable to attacks . 2. There are thousands of malicious codes and other tools that help hackers and attackers . 3. The increasing use of high speed internet at base of operationss with very little security makes attack much easy . 4. The rate at which technology is changing and the ease of adaptation to the overbold technology and the users rather slow pace in adopting to keen ready reckoner securi ty practices is another compelling reason for fraud . . the hidden costs that are involved in an ecommerce portal goes unnoticed because the security systems that have to take care of this and when systems are set up, there is al ways the wishlihood that ambitious technology experts give least preference to securing the information site and privateness conditions People and business which conduct business online do not inform people of the expected frauds that could occur due to ecommerce transactions, because of this frauds happen .The lack of proper governance and regulation regarding type of penalties and punishments that would be accustomed to fraud committers is rather slack . There are no world wide global natural laws to tackle such frauds and hence frauds that are committed online find no jurisdictional limits and so governments do not live on how to pin point the responsibility . This loop hole has been used by fraudsters . The online world is full of malingerernyms and pseudo identities . and then tracking such frauds also becomes very difficult. There are no experts who could be given the responsibility of tracking and strategizing how such frauds occur .Though technology now is slowly trying to realize the macro environment of the fraud related scenarios, the risk and costs associated with bringing in security is very high and hence the adaptability of such scenarios cannot be done by all firms who have e commerce portals . Stakeholders involvement in the vulnerability that exists across the value chain is seen as the most critical issue in a fraud . Crime congress global This is an imitative taken by the office to help stakeholders and victims of e commerce fraud to find effective solutions.This proves information security in all countries of the world to meet the challenges arising from e commerce. This place prominently uses technology and leads technology solutions in partnership with the business community to prevent frauds through in formation security technology and information risk management, forensics, investigatings, audit, risk, compliance and fraud. This agency has been conducting global awareness programs for reaching out to institutes, businesses and government to partner in helping reduce ccurrences of e fraud to strategic and technological challenges. This is a strategic initiative involving al stakeholders to proactively reduce the risks of ecommerce frauds and to defend IT systems from those threats which are emerging and to comply with relevant legal and regulatory laws . this initiative is a step towards combating the threat of the increasing cases of fraud. This partnership brings out very eventful initiatives to protect not only customers but also business houses from succumbing to the increasing menace of hackers.Technology solutions and other security solutions are placed in a consultive approach towards tackling this . If an international business committed copyright encroachments then l egal action under unlawful Jurisprudence legal action can be resorted to under Article 61 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) where the loser has got legal recourse to his stolen property by means of criminal sanctions and which bequeath thereby set aside for legal and criminal punishment of the violation and the infringer . t has been felt that all types of infringement should be punished with criminal sanctions. People can appeal under this act for legal action or they can hotlist an organization under cyber space if there are cases of patent stealing and weave site hacking. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 also known as the CDPA can be used in cases where infringement has taken place. If an international business committed copyright infringements or steals a patent then as a victims we can take recourse under the above mentioned acts which give guard to IRP which are stolen and pirated and copied.. azoic referral is said to be the best away to ensure that the evidence is properly secured and that all the investigative revenues are fully explored with the possible undercover law enforcement activities. Perhaps, communication with the law enforcement activities allows the victim to coordinate civil minutes with the possible criminal enforcement. Though legally recourse is visible(prenominal) it is easy to settle out of apostrophize because testimonial of copyright is a prelude to production of the material or product.People who invent carry to protect their patents. Once the patent is protected then it cannot be copied or pirated as punishments are very severe in such cases. With so many innovations taking place in the US e peculiar(prenominal)ly with cyber technology there has been very serious issue of pirating software and the Beijing convention has called for all instalment countries to come out with anti pirating laws which could effectively punish those who are caught. regular army leave ha ve to wish near the number of infringements that are taking place.It has admitted legal course in serious cases but USA is neither able to gun down the culprit nor is it able to find means of putting an end to it because of the geographical distance which makes it impossible to monitor the use of technology. USA is very careful in transaction with countries where incidences of Infringement are very high and tries to bring in severe legal clauses to protect their interests. computing machine forensics investigator and other laws A computing device forensics investigator works with a pre determined notion of computer crimes. only when that is not a sufficient coverage that should be catered. A computer forensics investigator looks upon other law system too such as data protection, data integrity, data control, audit of data components, investigation around the computer and etc. A forensics investigator moves with an initial priority of computer crime. But he should be well governe d with other laws. This helps him to establish himself more(prenominal) concretely on the crime scene. He is prepared with the notion of covering up the areas totally in order to fully satisfy himself on the grounds that nothing is left behind.He checks into the data system, recovers the data, checks the integrity of the data, protects the data, looks for evidences around the computer, checks the network system of the charge person, goes more deeply with the computing system to enable him searching beyond the computers to narrow down his investigation procedure. Some other laws such as, human rights, digital rights, information system laws, computer laws are of special interest to him. This gives him the power to deal with any case that involves ethical computer crime.He is much more developed investigator if he is well adverse with the above law system. E Discovery E Discovery or Electronic Discovery refers to discovery in civil litigation. This discovery process deals with the put back of information in the electronic format. Electronic Discovery is pretty recyclable for the forensics analysis. We know that Forensics analysis deals with the investigation of crime scene involving computer and cyber crimes and evidence is the prime source of investigation that leads to a successful procedure.Hence the investigator is pretty much confident(p) about the E Discovery System. The investigator with the help of E Discovery processes such as Electronic messages, voicemail smart phones etc recover every bit of information that is call for in the gathering of evidence required for the forensics investigation. The whole process of collection data through E discovery and jotting it down to the report makes it much easier for the investigator. The E discovery has led to new developments and changes in the investigation system of the cyber crimes.With latest e discovery modes as mentioned above, an investigator is much more confident about its movement into the IT sy stem of the accused criminal, and supporting the cause with rather strong and reliable evidences gathered. E discovery is a radical change in the process of investigation and has led to much more focused and integrated system of computer investigation. Conclusion The whole conclusion is based on the cyber crimes and the enacting system of law prevailing. The cyber crimes have increased in geometric progression over the years which have led to many disasters and crimes.With the increased number of crimes taking place day in day out, the laws have been made much stricter in order to ensure that the numbers of crime taking place gets minimized and there is a fear of messing up the computer system. The laws have addressed the message of intent of distorting computer systems which volition constitute a crime. Many forensics investigators have been seen in the picture off late which governs the system of computer crime. These investigators are well adverse with the system laws and crime scenes. They effectively handle the situation and get to the sought after results enabling quick and accurate reply to crime involved.Thus the laws have been successful over the years in minimizing computer threats and crimes. Ecommerce has revolutionized trade in many ways and consumers have also been cheated in ways that were unknown in traditional sales. In order to protect the consumers, traders on the internet and operators in the cyber space have got together to form associations and laws that would protect the consumers in the text of ecommerce. Though every country has passed consumer protection acts which are rules and regulations to protect the consumers from fraudulent trade practices in the market.There laws were enacted to protect the consumers and give them rights to ensure that they confine truthful information and right products as so designed by the seller. The laws have been designed to protect consumers from businesses indulging in unlawful and unfair practices . The governments of all countries have passed regulations to protect the rights of consumers especially in those products where wellness and sentry go are chief ingredients. Consumer protection is also in the form of consumer rights which consumers can exercise through redressal grievance and consumer courts.This is the history behind the concept of consumer protection. In direct contrast to the traditional business where the purchaser and seller are in direct contact with each other and the buyer can audit the goods before buying, in ecommerce the communication is only through an electronic form and business is conducted in a paperless environment. More importantly the internet or e transactions play a very important role in helping buyers and in assisting in choice comparisons and locating a product on the internet. (http//www. apec. rg/apec/apec_groups/som_special_task_groups/electroniccommerce. html. Accessed on 13/2/04) Consumer concerns in e commerce starts form the point of instance as the buyer is not known to the seller and vice versa and hence the privacy and confidentiality aspect of a trade which has to be concluded conveys authenticity. Consumers are worried about 1. The unfair marketing practices that sellers resort to on the web. 2. The terms of sale, refunds, cancellation of orders, warranty conditions 3. Enforceability of the contract, performance and non performance. . Delivery time, late deliveries and no delivery verification. 5. The most illegal use of information available on credit cards payment made for online purchases. 6. Fraud and cheating because transactions are not authenticated by any physical source. 7. unsafe products not confirming to safety standards. 8. Misuse of personal information for other purposes. Since majority of e commerce transactions lead to the buyer being put to a disadvantage the Issues relating to consumer disputed have to be minimized and arbitrated. t is all the more difficult because the sellers are b eyond national jurisdiction as it happens on cyberspace and SO the risks that arise out of such trade has to be taken care of and the consumers have to be suitably protected. a landmark development n the form of the E -Commerce group otherwise known as The Electronic Commerce and Consumer Protection Group is constituted by leading companies on the net like America Online, ATampT, Dell, IBM, Microsoft, Network Solutions and Time Warner.These companies predominately deal in online sales of their products and so recognize the growing need of consumer protection and have addressed issues regarding consumer protection as best practices of industry and have created an environment which would allow consumers to collapse disputes arising on cyber space. The American Bar Association Task Force on E-commerce and Alternative enmity Resolution is one of the best reference guide to consumer protection on the cyber space.This organization was asked to suggest executable guidelines that partie s dealing in online transactions can use for ODRs (online dispute redressal) . the complexity further arose from the feature that there was multijurisdictional disputes arising from B2B and B2c businesses. (THIS IS THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND IS REFREED TO IN EXACT TEXT) To quote the words of the task force of the Ecommerce group that there are many ways to help prevent as well as to help resolve disputes or complaints that arise from e-commerce transactions, the Task Force makes the following recommendations and observations 1.E-commerce businesses should place an enhanced emphasis on all stages of dispute prevention, complaints handling, and effective methods of redress through ADR and ODR. 2. Internet merchants, governmental and nonprofit entities should place a greater emphasis on consumer education and the prevention of e-commerce disputes. 3. Protecting consumers requires adequate standards and codes of conduct for ecommerce businesses. 4. Internet merchants should be promote to participate in and subscribe to relevant e-commerce codes of conduct and trust mark programs. 5.Internet merchants should develop or continue to improve on their in-house complaints handling mechanisms, and educate consumers as to how to use these in-house procedures effectively. 6. For consumers, recourse to in-house complaints mechanisms is normally the first gear and best means to obtain redress from reputable merchants. Accordingly, consumers should be encouraged to utilize the in-house complaints handling mechanisms offered by reputable Internet merchants before resorting to third party dispute resolution mechanisms. 7. at present, the lack of ODR does not appear to be a material impediment to the growth of B2C e-commerce. . At present, ODR is subsidiary to other high priority consumer protection activities, including consumer education and use of measures that help prevent or decrease the incidence of fraud in Internet transactions. 9. Recognizing that enforcement of outcome s and decisions reached through ODR may be difficult, consumers should be encouraged to consider using other dispute prevention mechanisms such as escrow services and credit card charge back mechanisms when transacting online. 10. earlier than create a code of conduct for ODR divine service Providers, the Task Force has drafted Recommended Best Practices by ODR Service Providers. 1. The Task Force recommends the creation of a new informational entity (referred to as the ADRCenter) that would provide information about ODR in an effort to educate and familiarize consumers, businesses, lawyers and other professionals with this new type of service. 12. For the advancement of ODR as an effective and efficient means of cross-border dispute resolution for both B2B and B2C transactions, there needs to be an appropriate emphasis on the development of interoperable communication and data-sharing platforms. 3. The Task Force believes that much of the education that will be useful for consum ers will also be useful for businesses especially small to medium sized enterprises and those who are new to the Internet marketplace and to cross-border transactions. ( Task force quoted verbatim) among all of ecommerce frauds the greatest of consumer complaints arose from identity thefts. The Federal trade focussing has released statistics stating that out of 2004,000 complaints received from consumers 42% elated to fraud and identity of the seller, followed by internet auctions which constituted 10%,followed by other non performances like non delivery of goods, inferior quality goods, trial offers from the net, shop at home offers and so on. This only reiterates that consumers have to be protected and laws of cyber space have to be strictly adjust to afford consumer protection. Consumer protection measures were seen very importantly in the light of an interactive poll which shows the increased awareness of consumers against online frauds .They were dissuaded by online shopping and cited many of the reasons why they had not shopped recently. 57% said that they were worried about their credit card number being stolen,57% were worried about confidentiality measures being violated,38% doubted the integrity on the seleers,26% wanted some personal attention to be given while they shopped,37% doubted the reliability of the sellers,47% said that wanted to physically behold the product and 25% cited many unknown reasons. source Harris interactive)It was increasingly felt that consumer education will be able to help protect consumers better. It also shows increased concerns about consumers not knowing how to transact online. It is suggested that traders using the electronic media need to given all information that is required for consumers to feel safe about shopping online .Quoting Internet merchants association , Merchants need to have greater and enhanced disclosure on their websites as well as heightened compliance with relevant consumer protection law. Ano ther pertinent consumer protection data and study conducted by a New Zealand organization on 700 web sites explicitly brought out the consumers heightened awareness of ecommerce frauds and consumers came out with their reasons of the need for protecting their rights against fraudulent organizations.They said that 50% of the vendors had not installed security measures on the payment options, 62% did not speak of refund policies, 78% said that the vendors did not advice customers of how to lodge complaints,90% said that they did not know about laws pertaining to consumer redresses and 25% said that the vendors did not show physical address. Despite all this majority of consumers preferred to shop online so laws pertaining to consumer protection need to be implemented in its fullest sense.Consumers International released its emailprotected net study in which it concluded that though almost all the traders online collected data regarding the personal information of the buyers very a fe w(prenominal) of them institutionalized a privacy policy regarding the use of the information that the buyer gave. Though these were correct measures to provide security, majority of these proved meaningless to the buyers. it was very common in the US and Europe to find traders swelled scant respect to global standards on data privacy.Even the basic principles of informing the customers of how the data will be used, how the firm will access the data , how the consumer can use the data and how the security of the data is sought and maintained is not disclosed. A comparative study of the sites of USA and UK are no different with regard to privacy policy as both played on the information made available to them. The US online vocation sites set decent privacy policies which looked good enough to follow.In The European trading sites the consumers had the law backing them up and the presence of an ombudsman and a government representative in the form of a data protection officer took ca re of the consumer rights and protection if breached. He also intervened to speak on behalf of the consumers if the law was tampered with . in fact it is sad to know that both the countries have left little choice to consumers in terms of data protection.. This was a comparative study of the European merchants and the USA merchants.But both of them sure the fact that consumer protection was a must if their sales and revenues had to increase. As a step towards greater protection measures to consumers the task force on ecommerce and protection said that various disputes redressal mechanisms have to be introduced in the form of dispute prevention like education of consumers, feedback collection from consumers, ombudsman appointments, negotiations, mediation, arbitrators, and assessment of valid consumer grievances.